Curt McCartney, associate professor in cereal crop breeding and genetics, University of Manitoba

Late last year Curt McCartney joined the Department of Plant Science at the University of Manitoba (U of M) as an Associate Professor in Cereal Crop Breeding and Genetics. He will be exploring new breeding strategies such as genomic selection to accelerate genetic gain in the U of M winter wheat breeding program. Dr. McCartney’s program will address production issues important to Manitoba farmers such as Fusarium head blight (FHB), lodging resistance, and of course grain yield.

McCartney received his Bachelor in Genetics from the U of M in 1997 and his PhD in Plant Breeding and Genetics from the U of M in 2002. His PhD research was focused mostly on disease resistance in wheat.

What got you interested in this area of work?

Having grown up on a farm I’ve always been interested in farming and in high school and university classes I was always interested in genetics. Developing varieties applies genetics to improve profitability for farms, something I find very interesting.

Where did you work before the U of M?

Before joining the U of M I was a Research Scientist with Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) where I was focused on wheat and oat genetics. I was working on a variety of traits important for farmers in Manitoba and the prairies including resistance to FHB, leaf and stem rust and orange wheat blossom midge.

Tell us a bit about what you’re working on at the University.

I will focus on winter wheat breeding because I think there is a real need for development in this class of wheat for Western Canada. There are many other wheat breeders across the prairies working on other types of wheat which I think are very well represented already, but and there are only a few breeders working on winter wheat. I expect global warming will lead to an increase in winter wheat production in Western Canada.

This year we’ll be testing spring, durum and winter wheat breeding lines going through the registration process for Western Canada. All that material gets tested for FHB resistance through our program at the U of M Carman research station and by AAFC in Morden. This U of M and AAFC data is the basis of the FHB resistance ratings for spring, durum, and winter wheat varieties in the provincial seed guides. Farmers rely on this data – it’s a critical tool for them to make informed decisions on what new varieties will fit on their farms.

In addition, I’ll be conducting genetic studies on traits that are important for the breeding programs in western Canada. I’ll also be training graduate students and teaching courses at the University in the fields of crop breeding and genetics.

What can you say about the value of farmers providing funding and support to your organization?

Farmer funding is critical for the success of the U of M wheat breeding program and the wheat research program. It allows us to:

  • Increase our capacity in breeding winter wheat.
  • Evaluate FHB resistance in wheat lines and varieties developed by other public sector breeding organizations and private breeding companies.
  • Purchase equipment and operating supplies.
  • Train graduate students who ultimately go on to work in other parts of the agriculture industry in Western Canada.
  • Leverage federal and provincial funding to conduct specific projects like the genetic projects or those conducted by graduate students.

How does that farmer funding and support directly benefit farmers?

Farmers benefit from having increased breeding activity which translates into additional new varieties available to them. The funding also allows us to develop the Fusarium head blight ratings information for the Seed Guides, a very important recourse for farmers.

Moving forward, the goal of the winter wheat program is to develop varieties with improved winter hardiness, FHB resistance and increased grain yield. Without farmer funding and support we wouldn’t be able to investigate combining those traits. These are some of the major aspects farmer funding enables us to do.

How do you spend your time outside of work?

It is hard to remember what I did before the pandemic, but I enjoy going out for dinner with my wife and kids, curling, golfing, and reading. I am really looking forward to returning to regular life. Simple things like seeing friends and going out for coffee.

Research on the Farm – Fungicide Management of Fusarium Head Blight

Article originally published in MCA’s spring 2021 version of The Fence Post newsletter.

Manitoba farmers are too familiar with the devastating toll Fusarium head blight (FHB) can cause in cereal crops. FHB is a serious disease that reduces yields and produces mycotoxins that impact human and animal health. Historically many farmers in high-risk FHB areas have applied a fungicide without questioning it.

Through the On-Farm Research Program, Manitoba Crop Alliance (MCA) is collecting data from real, working farms in order to give farmers more timely information and resources to help them fight this disease.

The Fungicide Timing for Management of FHB in Spring Wheat trials are in their fourth year. The objective of these trials is to provide further insight on the impact of fungicide application and timing on FHB disease levels in-season and in harvested grain.

This trial has run for three growing seasons at a total of 18 sites. A statistically significant effect on yield from fungicide application has only been observed in six out of 18 sites. Even when a significant effect on yield was observed, mycotoxin levels (DON) were very low. All three growing seasons have been relatively dry, which could explain the lack of DON accumulation. Ideally, we’d like to get some data on this from a wet growing season, where conditions favor FHB infection.

Colin Penner, a farmer from Elm Creek has participated in a number of On-Farm Research Trials over the years and sees the value on his farm.

“We’re in the Red River Valley so we spray for FHB on our farm,” says Penner. “The last number of years have been really dry so I’ve always questioned the effectiveness of fungicides, especially at head timing.”

Penner participated in the 2020 Fungicide Management of FHB in Spring Wheat trial and described it as a very simple process which produced surprising results on his farm.

“They came to the field and gave me the replication instructions which were straightforward and easy to follow. In this particular trial the results really surprised me. We’ve seen fungicides show a marginal benefit on dry years but I really didn’t expect to see the results we did by spraying late (not something I would aim to do). In our trials, to spray early was good and to spray late was even better.”

In Penner’s trial, the recommended application date was July 6 and the late timing strips were sprayed four days later, on July 10. At this site there was a statistical yield difference between the late timing strip and the untreated check, but there was no statistically significant yield difference between the recommended application timing and the untreated check.

Penner stressed the importance of randomized replicated trials to be able to compare the results with the information received from different companies. “I see a lot of data from companies that’s often not replicated. I think it’s important we do our own replicated trials like these ones. It adds value on my farm because it gets me thinking, and it’s also an opportunity to try different ideas and see what works well in my area.”

Tools like Manitoba Agriculture’s FHB risk maps (Link to: https://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/crops/seasonal-reports/fusarium-head-blight-report.html) combined with proper timing of fungicide application can help farmers reduce FHB risk.

“Manitoba Agriculture posts FHB Risk Maps daily (during the wheat flowering period) on our website. We also have a seven-day animation which shows the risks building or declining up to the point where you’re concerned about the crop,” says David Kaminski, Field Crop Pathologist, with Manitoba Agriculture and Resource Development.

“FHB is a difficult disease to work with; infection risk varies field to field. It depends on your seeding date. Some crops will escape just because, when they were flowering, infection-conducive conditions were not there in your specific area. Whereas a crop that was seeded a little bit earlier or a little bit later just hits it wrong and that’s when you’ll see disease.”

Kaminski says fungicide spraying needs to be very precise on the timing of crop development. “The heads have just come out and its prior to flowering. Depending on how much heat you are getting at the time, the application window can be as short as two days or as long as five days. It’s a tricky thing to determine,” adds Kaminski.

At the University of Manitoba (U of M) Dr. Paul Bullock, Professor, Dr. Manasah Mkhabela, Research Associate and Adjunct Professor, and Mr. Taurai Matengu, M.Sc. Student, Department of Soil Science, U of M are in year three of a five-year research project with an objective to better understand how weather relates to FHB risk levels in cereal crops.

“If I’m a farmer and I’m going to apply a fungicide, there’s a cost to that application. So, the question is, is it worth it? What we’re trying to achieve through the FHB Risk Model is to give producers a model that when they monitor the weather in their fields, the model can calculate if the FHB risk is high, moderate, or low to help them with that decision,” says Bullock.

As more data is collected throughout the years of study, the models are updated and improved for accuracy. More farmers from across the prairies are getting involved which allows the data collected from their fields to be used to independently test the accuracy of the FHB risk models. Some of the research MCA is collecting from producers’ fields through the On-Farm Research Program will eventually be used to validate the accuracy of the models as well. The next phase of the project is to build an online platform using the model to provide FHB risk assessments across the prairies for producers.

The figure below is an example of how the model can be used to map out the risk levels based on different factors. This example shows how the probability of FDK risk level changes based on the average relative humidity in the 15 days leading up to an including the date of flowering.

Picture7

Photo credit: Dr. Paul Bullock, Professor, Dr. Manasah Mkhabela, Research Associate and Adjunct Professor, and Mr. Taurai Matengu, M.Sc. Student, Department of Soil Science, U of M

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